1. Concept, Importance and Limitations
3 Marks
Define Planning. State its any two features.
CBSE 2019, Set 1
Planning is the process of deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it. It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go.
Features:
1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives.
2. Planning is a primary function of management.
Features:
1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives.
2. Planning is a primary function of management.
3 Marks
Why is it said that "Planning is a mental exercise"?
[Practice Question]
Planning is a mental exercise because it requires foresight, intelligent imagination, and sound judgment. It is an intellectual process of thinking rather than doing. It involves logical and systematic thinking rather than guess work or wishful thinking.
4 Marks
Explain how planning "Reduces the risk of uncertainty" and "Promotes innovative ideas".
CBSE 2021, Set 2
1. Reduces Risk of Uncertainty: Planning helps managers look into the future and anticipate changes. By deciding in advance the tasks to be performed, planning shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events.
2. Promotes Innovative Ideas: Since planning is the first function of management, new ideas can take the shape of concrete plans. It is the most challenging activity for the management as it guides all future actions leading to growth and prosperity.
2. Promotes Innovative Ideas: Since planning is the first function of management, new ideas can take the shape of concrete plans. It is the most challenging activity for the management as it guides all future actions leading to growth and prosperity.
4 Marks
"Planning leads to rigidity." Explain this limitation with two points.
[Practice Question]
1. Internal Rigidity: In an organization, a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved within a specific time frame. Managers may not be in a position to change it, even if circumstances require, as they are strictly expected to follow the plan.
2. External Rigidity: Changes in external environment like government policy, competition, or technology cannot be controlled by the management, making previously prepared plans useless and rigid.
2. External Rigidity: Changes in external environment like government policy, competition, or technology cannot be controlled by the management, making previously prepared plans useless and rigid.
6 Marks
Explain any six points highlighting the importance of planning.
CBSE 2022, Set 3
1. Provides Direction: By stating in advance how work is to be done, planning provides direction for action.
2. Reduces Risk of Uncertainty: Planning enables managers to anticipate and respond to change effectively.
3. Reduces Overlapping/Wasteful Activities: It coordinates the efforts of different divisions, minimizing wastage.
4. Promotes Innovative Ideas: It encourages managers to think creatively and develop new ways of working.
5. Facilitates Decision Making: It helps in choosing the best alternative from among various courses of action.
6. Establishes Standards for Controlling: Planning provides the goals or standards against which actual performance is measured.
2. Reduces Risk of Uncertainty: Planning enables managers to anticipate and respond to change effectively.
3. Reduces Overlapping/Wasteful Activities: It coordinates the efforts of different divisions, minimizing wastage.
4. Promotes Innovative Ideas: It encourages managers to think creatively and develop new ways of working.
5. Facilitates Decision Making: It helps in choosing the best alternative from among various courses of action.
6. Establishes Standards for Controlling: Planning provides the goals or standards against which actual performance is measured.
2. Planning Process
3 Marks
Explain the first two steps in the process of planning.
CBSE 2020, Set 1
1. Setting Objectives: The first step is to set objectives for the entire organization and each department. Objectives specify what the organization wants to achieve.
2. Developing Premises: Planning is concerned with the future which is uncertain. Therefore, the manager is required to make certain assumptions about the future, which are called premises.
2. Developing Premises: Planning is concerned with the future which is uncertain. Therefore, the manager is required to make certain assumptions about the future, which are called premises.
4 Marks
"Identifying and Evaluating alternatives are crucial steps in planning." Comment.
CBSE SQP 2023-24
Once objectives are set, managers must identify various courses of action. For example, to increase sales, a firm can advertise, reduce price, or improve quality.
In the evaluation step, the positive and negative aspects of each proposal are weighed in the light of the objectives to be achieved. The risk-return ratio, feasibility, and consequences of each alternative must be calculated before selection.
In the evaluation step, the positive and negative aspects of each proposal are weighed in the light of the objectives to be achieved. The risk-return ratio, feasibility, and consequences of each alternative must be calculated before selection.
6 Marks
Describe the steps involved in the process of planning.
CBSE 2023, Set 2
1. Setting Objectives: Clear goals for the organization.
2. Developing Premises: Making assumptions about future trends.
3. Identifying Alternatives: Listing all possible ways to reach goals.
4. Evaluating Alternatives: Analyzing pros and cons of each way.
5. Selecting an Alternative: Choosing the most profitable and feasible plan.
6. Implementing the Plan: Putting the plan into action (doing what is required).
7. Follow-up Action: Monitoring the plan to ensure objectives are being achieved.
2. Developing Premises: Making assumptions about future trends.
3. Identifying Alternatives: Listing all possible ways to reach goals.
4. Evaluating Alternatives: Analyzing pros and cons of each way.
5. Selecting an Alternative: Choosing the most profitable and feasible plan.
6. Implementing the Plan: Putting the plan into action (doing what is required).
7. Follow-up Action: Monitoring the plan to ensure objectives are being achieved.
3. Types of Plans
3 Marks
Differentiate between Policy and Rule.
CBSE 2019, Set 3
Policy: It is a general statement that guides thinking or channelizes energy towards a particular direction. It allows for some discretion (e.g., "We only hire graduates").
Rule: It is a specific statement that informs what is to be done. It does not allow for any discretion or flexibility (e.g., "No smoking in the factory").
Rule: It is a specific statement that informs what is to be done. It does not allow for any discretion or flexibility (e.g., "No smoking in the factory").
4 Marks
Explain 'Procedure' and 'Method' as types of plans.
[Practice Question]
Procedure: They are routine steps on how to carry out activities. They detail the exact manner in which any work is to be performed. They are specified in a chronological order.
Method: Methods provide the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective. It deals with a single step of a procedure and specifies how this step is to be performed.
Method: Methods provide the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective. It deals with a single step of a procedure and specifies how this step is to be performed.
6 Marks
Differentiate between Single-use plans and Standing plans. Give three examples of each.
CBSE 2021, Set 1
1. Meaning: Single-use plans are developed for a one-time event or project. Standing plans are used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time.
2. Duration: Single-use plans are short-lived. Standing plans are long-term.
3. Objective: Single-use plans meet the needs of unique situations. Standing plans ensure internal efficiency and consistency.
Examples of Single-use: Budgets, Programmes, Projects.
Examples of Standing: Policies, Procedures, Rules, Methods.
2. Duration: Single-use plans are short-lived. Standing plans are long-term.
3. Objective: Single-use plans meet the needs of unique situations. Standing plans ensure internal efficiency and consistency.
Examples of Single-use: Budgets, Programmes, Projects.
Examples of Standing: Policies, Procedures, Rules, Methods.
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