CLASS XI: CHAPTER 10 QUESTION BANK
International Business | 10 Practice Sets (CBSE 2026-27)
📌 General Instructions for All Sets:
- Maximum Marks: 25 | Time Allowed: 45 Minutes
- Questions 1-5 are objective type carrying 1 mark each (MCQs & Assertion-Reasoning).
- Questions 6-7 are short answer type carrying 3 marks each (30-40 words).
- Questions 8-9 are short answer type carrying 4 marks each (50-80 words).
- Question 10 is a long answer type carrying 6 marks (100-150 words).
- Strictly adhere to the CBSE Competency/Case-Based format.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 1 (Level: Easy - Fundamental Concepts)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Manufacturing and trading beyond the geographical boundaries of a country is known as:
[Case-Based] An Indian company buys high-tech medical equipment from Germany to sell in the Indian market.
2. This transaction is called:3. International business helps a nation in earning:
4. Assertion (A): International business is more complex than internal trade.
Reason (R): It involves different legal systems, varying currencies, cultural differences, and geographical distances between buyers and sellers.
Reason (R): It involves different legal systems, varying currencies, cultural differences, and geographical distances between buyers and sellers.
5. Assertion (A): Unequal distribution of natural resources is a major reason for international business.
Reason (R): No single country possesses all the resources required to produce every good its citizens need, forcing them to trade with other nations.
Reason (R): No single country possesses all the resources required to produce every good its citizens need, forcing them to trade with other nations.
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Define 'International Business'. State any two reasons why countries engage in it.
[Case-Based] Due to a lack of advanced petroleum refining technology, Country A sends its crude oil to Country B, and buys back refined petrol.
7. Explain how 'Availability of factors of production' and 'Cost of production' act as the basis of this international trade.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Explain any four differences between Internal Trade and International Business.
[Case-Based] A developing country relies heavily on exporting its agricultural goods to foreign nations to fund its massive infrastructure projects.
9. Identify and explain any three benefits of international business to a Nation highlighted in this context.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] 'Zeta Automotives' dominates the Indian car market. However, their domestic sales have stagnated because the local market is completely saturated. They also have excess production capacity in their factories that is lying idle. Furthermore, they noticed that in African countries, cars similar to theirs are sold at double the price, offering massive profit margins. To revive their growth, the CEO decides to start exporting their cars to Africa, allowing the company to fully utilize its factories and earn higher revenues.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **four benefits of International Business to a Firm** enjoyed by 'Zeta Automotives'.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 2 (Level: Moderate - Application & Analysis)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Which mandatory ten-digit number must be obtained from the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) before a firm can start exporting or importing?
[Case-Based] An exporter sends a document to the importer containing details like price, quality, grade, and delivery terms of the goods. It acts as an initial quotation.
2. This document is known as:3. The most secure method of payment in international trade, where the importer's bank guarantees payment to the exporter, is called:
4. Assertion (A): An exporter needs pre-shipment finance.
Reason (R): Once the export order is received, the exporter needs working capital to buy raw materials, process them, and pack the goods for shipment.
Reason (R): Once the export order is received, the exporter needs working capital to buy raw materials, process them, and pack the goods for shipment.
5. Assertion (A): The Certificate of Origin is useless for the importer.
Reason (R): The importer uses the Certificate of Origin to claim tariff concessions if his country has a trade agreement with the exporting country.
Reason (R): The importer uses the Certificate of Origin to claim tariff concessions if his country has a trade agreement with the exporting country.
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Differentiate between a 'Commercial Invoice' and a 'Proforma Invoice'.
[Case-Based] An Indian exporter receives a massive order from the USA. He is worried that the American buyer might default on payment after the goods are shipped.
7. Which document should the exporter demand from the importer to completely eliminate this risk? Explain its significance.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. What is a 'Certificate of Origin'? Why does the importing country's customs authority demand it?
[Case-Based] 'Alpha Exports' has received an order. They have procured the raw materials and manufactured the goods. Now they need to get the goods cleared by customs before loading them onto the ship.
9. Explain the step of 'Customs Clearance' in the export procedure. Which key document (Shipping Bill) is prepared during this step?
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Mr. Amit, a garment manufacturer in Delhi, wants to export shirts to London. He first responds to an inquiry by sending a quotation stating his prices. The London buyer agrees and sends a formal document placing the order. To ensure he gets paid safely, Mr. Amit asks the buyer to arrange a bank guarantee. Once he receives this guarantee, Mr. Amit approaches his own bank in Delhi to get a short-term loan to buy fabric and stitch the shirts.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **first four sequential steps of the Export Procedure** performed by Mr. Amit and the London buyer.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 3 (Level: Moderate-High - Nuanced Competency)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Which document is issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is physically loaded onto the vessel?
[Case-Based] The shipping company issues an official document acting as a receipt for the goods and a contract of carriage. This document also acts as a document of title to the goods.
2. This document is known as:3. The 'Bill of Lading' is used in marine transport. The equivalent document used when goods are sent by air transport is called:
4. Assertion (A): A Mate's Receipt is the final document of title.
Reason (R): The exporter must exchange the Mate's Receipt at the shipping company's office to obtain the actual Bill of Lading, which is the official document of title.
Reason (R): The exporter must exchange the Mate's Receipt at the shipping company's office to obtain the actual Bill of Lading, which is the official document of title.
5. Assertion (A): Pre-shipment inspection is mandatory for all export goods.
Reason (R): The government wants to ensure that only quality goods are exported from India to protect the country's image in the international market.
Reason (R): The government wants to ensure that only quality goods are exported from India to protect the country's image in the international market.
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Differentiate between 'Mate's Receipt' and 'Bill of Lading'.
[Case-Based] 'Super Exports' sends goods worth ₹1 Crore on a ship to Japan. To protect themselves against the risk of the ship sinking, they approach an insurance company.
7. Identify the step of the export procedure. Why is marine insurance crucial for international trade?
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Explain the term 'Bill of Exchange' in international trade. What is the difference between a 'Sight Draft' and a 'Usance Draft'?
[Case-Based] The exporter has successfully loaded the goods on the ship and obtained the Bill of Lading. Now he wants to get paid. He sends all the documents to his bank to collect the money from the importer's bank.
9. Explain the step of 'Securing Payment' and 'Retiring of Documents' in the export procedure.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Mr. Patel is exporting tea to Russia. He packs the tea, gets it inspected by the Export Inspection Agency, and obtains the Certificate of Origin. He then hires a 'Clearing and Forwarding (C&F) Agent' to handle the port formalities. The agent prepares the 'Shipping Bill', pays the export duty, and gets the customs clearance. The agent then hands over the goods to the captain of the ship. The captain checks the cargo and hands over a receipt to the agent. Finally, the agent takes this receipt to the shipping company's office to get the final transport contract document.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **four specific documents** (Shipping Bill, Customs Clearance, Mate's Receipt, Bill of Lading) generated or acquired by Mr. Patel's agent at the port.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 4 (Level: Hard - Analytical Competency)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. In the import procedure, the formal order placed by the importer with the foreign supplier is known as a/an:
[Case-Based] When the imported goods arrive at the port, the customs officer requires a specific form filled by the importer detailing the exact quantity and value of goods to assess customs duty.
2. This form is called:3. If the importer fails to take delivery of the goods from the port within the specified time, he has to pay a penalty charge to the port authorities known as:
4. Assertion (A): An importer must obtain foreign exchange before placing an order.
Reason (R): The foreign exporter demands payment in his own currency or an international currency like US Dollars. The importer must apply to the RBI (via an authorized bank) to sanction this foreign exchange.
Reason (R): The foreign exporter demands payment in his own currency or an international currency like US Dollars. The importer must apply to the RBI (via an authorized bank) to sanction this foreign exchange.
5. Assertion (A): The 'Import General Manifest' is prepared by the importer.
Reason (R): The Import General Manifest is a document prepared by the captain of the ship and submitted to the customs officer containing details of all the goods imported on that vessel.
Reason (R): The Import General Manifest is a document prepared by the captain of the ship and submitted to the customs officer containing details of all the goods imported on that vessel.
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Explain the term 'Indent' in the import procedure. State its two types (Open and Closed).
[Case-Based] A buyer in India wants to import laptops from Taiwan. The laptops are restricted items and cannot be imported freely.
7. What legal step must the importer take before placing the order? Explain 'Obtaining Import License'.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Describe the steps involved in 'Customs Clearance and Release of Goods' during the import procedure.
[Case-Based] The foreign exporter has dispatched the goods and sent an 'Advice of Shipment' to the Indian importer.
9. What information does this 'Advice of Shipment' contain? Why is it crucial for the importer?
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Mr. Sen runs a factory in Mumbai. He wants to import machinery from Germany. First, he gathers information about German suppliers and sends a 'Trade Enquiry'. The supplier replies with a 'Proforma Invoice'. Satisfied with the price, Mr. Sen applies to his bank to arrange Euros to pay the supplier. After the bank sanctions the currency, Mr. Sen's bank issues a guarantee to the German supplier ensuring payment. Finally, Mr. Sen sends a formal 'Indent' to the German supplier detailing the exact machine specifications and delivery date.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **first four sequential steps of the Import Procedure** followed by Mr. Sen.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 5 (Level: Advanced - Evaluation Competency)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
[Case-Based] The international organization established in 1995 to facilitate free and fair trade between nations and resolve trade disputes is the:
1.
2. The WTO was formed as the successor to which previous international agreement?
[Case-Based] A country suddenly increases its import tax on steel by 50% to stop foreign steel from entering and protect its own local factories.
3. The WTO strictly discourages this practice. Such taxes are known as:4. Assertion (A): The WTO promotes trade without discrimination.
Reason (R): Under the Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle, a WTO member must grant the same favorable trade terms to all other WTO members equally.
Reason (R): Under the Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle, a WTO member must grant the same favorable trade terms to all other WTO members equally.
5. Assertion (A): International Business involves high risk of currency fluctuations.
Reason (R): If an Indian exporter signs a contract in US Dollars, and the value of the Dollar falls against the Rupee before payment is received, the exporter suffers a financial loss.
Reason (R): If an Indian exporter signs a contract in US Dollars, and the value of the Dollar falls against the Rupee before payment is received, the exporter suffers a financial loss.
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. State any three main objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
[Case-Based] Country A and Country B are having a massive trade war. Country A illegally bans all electronics from Country B.
7. How can the WTO help in this situation? Explain its role as a dispute settlement body.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. "GATT was replaced by the WTO to create a more powerful and permanent international trade body." Explain any four functions performed by the WTO to facilitate global trade.
[Case-Based] An Indian firm is hesitant to enter international business. The manager states that language barriers, diverse legal systems, and documentation make it too difficult.
9. Identify the concept. Explain any three reasons why international business is much more complex than domestic business.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Since joining the WTO in 1995, India's international trade has boomed. The government realized that by trading globally, India could import advanced machinery to boost its industrial sector. For local Indian firms, going global meant they were no longer restricted by the low purchasing power of the domestic market, allowing them to expand massively. Furthermore, exporting helped the country accumulate US Dollars, which are crucial for buying essential crude oil. Finally, the intense competition from foreign brands forced Indian companies to innovate and improve the quality of their own products.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain **two benefits of International Business to the Nation** and **two benefits of International Business to the Firms**.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 6 (Level: Expert - Complex Case Studies)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
[Case-Based] In international pricing, if the quotation includes the cost of goods plus the freight (transportation) charges up to the destination port, it is called:
1.
2. A document prepared by the importer's bank instructing its foreign branch/correspondent to pay a specified amount to the exporter is a:
3. Assertion (A): FOB pricing means the exporter pays for marine insurance.
Reason (R): In FOB (Free on Board), the exporter's responsibility ends once the goods are loaded onto the ship. The importer must pay the freight and insurance.
Reason (R): In FOB (Free on Board), the exporter's responsibility ends once the goods are loaded onto the ship. The importer must pay the freight and insurance.
4. Assertion (A): Importers must file an 'Import General Manifest'.
Reason (R): The Import General Manifest is strictly prepared by the person in charge of the carrier (ship's captain) to declare the cargo to customs.
Reason (R): The Import General Manifest is strictly prepared by the person in charge of the carrier (ship's captain) to declare the cargo to customs.
5. When an importer receives the Bill of Lading, Invoice, and Insurance policy through his bank after accepting the Bill of Exchange, the process is called:
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Differentiate between 'FOB' (Free on Board) and 'CIF' (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) pricing terms in export contracts.
[Case-Based] The exporter's bank presents a 'Sight Draft' (Bill of Exchange) to the importer.
7. What is a 'Sight Draft'? How is it different from a 'Usance Draft' (Time Draft)?
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Explain the term 'Bill of Entry'. Why is it filled in triplicate (three copies) during customs clearance?
[Case-Based] 'Alpha Imports' wants to bring in electronic goods from China. The goods have arrived at the Mumbai port, but Alpha Imports doesn't have the money to pay the customs duty right now.
9. What happens to the goods? Explain the concept of 'Bonded Warehouses'.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Ms. Riya is a successful exporter. She receives an order from Paris. She follows the procedure carefully. First, she obtains a document from the Chamber of Commerce verifying that her goods are 100% manufactured in India. Second, she packs the goods and generates a detailed bill containing the quantity, price, and marks on the packaging. Third, after loading the goods on the ship, the shipping company issues her the official document of title. Fourth, she prepares a financial instrument ordering the buyer in Paris to pay the exact amount within 90 days.
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and deeply explain the **four principal export documents** prepared or acquired by Ms. Riya during this transaction.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 7 (Level: Expert - Integrated Concepts)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
[Case-Based] If a country strictly limits the total physical quantity of a specific product (e.g., only 10,000 laptops) that can be imported in a year, it is using a:
1.
2. A business expanding internationally because its home market is saturated and facing intense local competition represents which benefit to the firm?
3. Assertion (A): International business is restricted only to the export and import of physical goods.
Reason (R): Trade in services (invisibles) like tourism, transportation, and software is a massive component of modern international business.
Reason (R): Trade in services (invisibles) like tourism, transportation, and software is a massive component of modern international business.
4. Assertion (A): Obtaining an IEC (Import Export Code) number is the first legal step for a firm wishing to export.
Reason (R): The IEC number, issued by the DGFT, is mandatory and must be quoted in all major export/import documents and customs clearances.
Reason (R): The IEC number, issued by the DGFT, is mandatory and must be quoted in all major export/import documents and customs clearances.
5. Which of the following documents is prepared by the exporter's Customs House Agent (CHA) to get customs clearance?
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Differentiate between 'Tariff Barriers' and 'Non-Tariff Barriers' (Quotas) in international trade.
[Case-Based] A firm in India exports software services to the US, whilst another firm exports iron ore.
7. Differentiate between 'Merchandise Export' (Visible trade) and 'Service Export' (Invisible trade).
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Explain how International Business helps a nation in 'Promoting Economic Growth' and 'Improving the Standard of Living'.
[Case-Based] An importer has received the goods at the port, but the Bill of Lading and other documents have not yet arrived from the exporter's bank.
9. How can the importer clear the goods from customs to avoid heavy demurrage charges? Explain the use of a 'Guarantee' or 'Indemnity'.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] Mr. Sen is the owner of a successful spice export business. He explains the process to his son: "Once we receive an inquiry, we send a Proforma Invoice. If the buyer agrees, we demand a Letter of Credit. This is the most crucial document because it eliminates the risk of non-payment. After making the goods, we apply for pre-shipment inspection. The government checks our spices to ensure they meet global health standards, otherwise, our country's reputation is ruined. Then, we hire an agent who prepares the Shipping Bill and pays the export duties at the customs house. Finally, the goods are loaded, and the ship's captain gives our agent a Mate's Receipt, proving the cargo is safely on board."
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **two principal documents** and the **two procedural steps** Mr. Sen discussed that guarantee payment security, quality control, and customs clearance.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 8 (Level: Advanced Board Mock 1)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. In the export procedure, which document acts as a proof that the goods have been actually manufactured in the exporter's country?
[Case-Based] The RBI grants foreign exchange to an importer. Which of the following acts governs all foreign exchange transactions in India?
2.
3. Assertion (A): A commercial invoice is equivalent to a seller's bill.
Reason (R): It contains details of the goods supplied, their price, and total value, acting as a formal demand for payment.
Reason (R): It contains details of the goods supplied, their price, and total value, acting as a formal demand for payment.
4. Assertion (A): International business forces domestic firms to lower their quality.
Reason (R): Intense competition from foreign MNCs forces domestic firms to improve their technology and product quality to survive.
Reason (R): Intense competition from foreign MNCs forces domestic firms to improve their technology and product quality to survive.
5. Which document is required by the importer to prove his identity and intention to the customs authority to take delivery of the goods?
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Explain the term 'Pre-shipment Finance'. Why does an exporter need it?
[Case-Based] An Indian importer receives the Bill of Exchange along with the Bill of Lading from his bank. The bank asks him to "retire the documents".
7. What does the term "retiring the import documents" mean? Explain briefly.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Discuss any four differences between a 'Bill of Lading' and an 'Airway Bill'.
9. "The WTO is not just a trade promoter; it is a global trade police." Explain any four rules or objectives of the WTO that support this statement.
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] 'Zeta Importers' wants to buy medical machinery from the USA. The manager, Mr. Roy, sends an inquiry. The US supplier sends a Proforma Invoice stating the price is $500,000. To place the formal order, Mr. Roy prepares a detailed document specifying the machine grade and shipping instructions (Step A). The US supplier replies, "We do not know you. Ask your bank to guarantee the payment." Mr. Roy gets his bank to issue this guarantee and sends it to the US (Step B). Since the payment is in US Dollars, Mr. Roy must legally acquire this currency, so he applies to his bank under the FEMA guidelines (Step C). Finally, when the goods arrive in Mumbai, Mr. Roy's clearing agent fills out a critical customs document to calculate the import duty (Step D).
10. Identify and thoroughly explain the **four steps of the Import Procedure** (Step A, B, C, D) executed by Mr. Roy and his agent.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 9 (Level: Advanced Board Mock 2)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
[Case-Based] A country has a comparative advantage in producing software but is poor at producing electronics. It decides to export software and import electronics.
1. This highlights which rationale for international business?2. Which organization provides export credit insurance support to Indian exporters to protect them from the risk of non-payment by foreign buyers?
3. Assertion (A): Letter of Credit mitigates the risk of default.
Reason (R): The importer's bank undertakes a formal guarantee to pay the exporter a specified amount, provided the exporter submits the required shipping documents.
Reason (R): The importer's bank undertakes a formal guarantee to pay the exporter a specified amount, provided the exporter submits the required shipping documents.
4. Assertion (A): International business is limited to large multinational corporations (MNCs).
Reason (R): Small scale industries (SSIs) in India do not participate in international trade due to lack of capital.
Reason (R): Small scale industries (SSIs) in India do not participate in international trade due to lack of capital.
5. The document issued by the port authorities when the exporter's agent pays the dock dues is called:
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. What is a 'Consular Invoice'? Why does the importer request the exporter to obtain it?
[Case-Based] An Indian exporter successfully shipped goods to Germany. He drew a Bill of Exchange and attached the Bill of Lading to it, instructing his bank to deliver the documents to the German buyer only after the buyer accepts the bill.
7. Identify this method of documentary collection (D/A or D/P). Explain it briefly.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. Explain the significance of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the context of developing nations like India.
9. Describe the four major difficulties/complexities faced by businessmen engaged in international trade (e.g., Currency, Distance).
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] 'Alpha Exporters' receives an order. The Export Manager tells his team: "We must ensure our goods are flawless. Call the government agency to inspect our shipment and give us the clearance certificate. Next, we need proof that these goods were made in India, so we can give our buyer a tax discount in his country; get this document from the Chamber of Commerce. Once the goods reach the port, our agent must fill out the main customs document to allow the goods to board the ship. Finally, once the cargo is physically loaded, ensure the ship's captain gives us a receipt, which we will exchange for the final transport contract."
10. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **four principal export documents** required by 'Alpha Exporters' during this specific stage of the export process.
📄 PRACTICE PAPER - SET 10 (Level: Ultimate Board Challenger)
SECTION A (1 Mark Each)
1. Which of the following best defines an 'Indent' in international trade?
[Case-Based] If a country wants to completely ban trade with another specific country for political reasons, it imposes an:
2.
3. Assertion (A): International business is a catalyst for economic growth.
Reason (R): It allows countries to specialize in producing goods where they have a comparative advantage, maximizing global production efficiency.
Reason (R): It allows countries to specialize in producing goods where they have a comparative advantage, maximizing global production efficiency.
4. Assertion (A): The Bill of Lading is a non-negotiable document.
Reason (R): It acts as a document of title, and its ownership can be transferred to another person by endorsement and delivery.
Reason (R): It acts as a document of title, and its ownership can be transferred to another person by endorsement and delivery.
5. Which document authorizes the bank to sell the exported goods in the foreign market if the importer refuses to pay or accept the delivery?
SECTION B (3 Marks Each)
6. Differentiate between 'Customs Duty' and 'Import Quota'.
[Case-Based] Mr. Amit imports heavy machinery. The ship arrives in Mumbai. His clearing agent prepares a document in triplicate (black, blue, and violet copies) to submit to the customs officer to assess the duty.
7. Identify the document. Why is it prepared in triplicate? Explain.
SECTION C (4 Marks Each)
8. "International Business provides benefits not just to the Nation, but immense benefits to individual Firms." Explain any four benefits to the Firm.
9. Explain the procedure for obtaining an 'Import-Export Code' (IEC). Why is it the most fundamental legal requirement for international trade in India?
SECTION D (6 Marks Each)
[Case-Based] The Global Market operates on trust and strict documentation. An Indian exporter and a French importer agree to trade. The French importer fears that if he pays in advance, the Indian exporter might send inferior goods. The Indian exporter fears that if he sends the goods first, the French importer might run away without paying. To solve this, they use the international banking system. The French buyer's bank issues a guarantee that payment will be made. The Indian exporter ships the goods, gathers the Bill of Lading and Certificate of Origin, and attaches a Bill of Exchange demanding payment. He gives all these documents to his own Indian bank. His Indian bank sends them to the French bank. The French bank only hands over the Bill of Lading (which the buyer needs to release the goods from the port) to the French buyer *after* he signs the Bill of Exchange promising to pay.
10. This case study illustrates the brilliant mechanism of international trade. By quoting lines from the paragraph, identify and explain the **three financial/commercial documents** (Guarantee, Demand for payment, Document of title) and the **overall process of document exchange (Retiring of documents)** used to secure this risky transaction.
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